![]() Both dermal layers house fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and immune cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells. The reticular dermis is significantly thicker than the papillary dermis due to the dense concentration of collagenous and reticular fibers that are interwoven within this layer. Reticular dermis contains skin appendages such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. In humans, the papillary dermis forms extensions that reach out to the epidermis and contain capillaries that facilitate the transport of nutrients. The stratum basale contains basal keratinocytes, immune cells such as Langerhans cells and T cells, and melanocytes that provide the skin with pigmentation.īeneath the epidermis is the dermis, which is further categorized into papillary and reticular sub-layers. Keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum contain cysteine- and histidine-rich granules, which bind keratin filaments together. The stratum granulosum is a thin layer between the stratum lucidum and stratum basale. Instead of keratin, keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum contain eleidin, a clear intracellular protein, which gives this layer its transparent appearance. The stratum lucidum is a thin, clear layer of dead keratinocytes. These cells are continuously replenished by keratinocytes localized in the stratum basale. The stratum corneum contains corneocytes, which are terminally differentiated keratinocytes. The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is subdivided into the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale. The skin is structured into three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and subcutaneous fat tissue.
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